Making Records in Scranton, Pennsylvania, circa 1940


Newly available for research at the NYPL Music Division: The Otto Hess Photographs, a collection particularly strong in its documentation of the New York City jazz scene from 1939 to 1941. A fine art photographer, Hess also captured subjects beyond jazz and the arts, including street scenes, nightclub interiors, and sporting events.

One folder contains approximately 30 images that Hess labeled "Varsity Records factory." This is noteworthy because photographs of the record manufacturing process are somewhat rare. Varsity Records was one of two labels that comprised the United States Record Company; Royale Records was the other. Eli Oberstein created the USRC in the summer of 1939, shortly after he left an executive position at RCA Victor. Varsity was considered a "budget" label, specializing in popular music and selling records for 35 cents each. Royale was more expensive, at 75 cents a record, and specialized in classical music.

Though the company headquarters was located in Manhattan, the shellac records for these two labels were pressed at the revamped facilities of the Scranton Button Company in Scranton, Pennsylvania. These photos show various parts of the process: creating the master and stamper discs (including dipping them into multiple chemical baths), loading dry shellac powder into the rolling machine, slicing the molten shellac into square biscuits, pressing the records, and packaging the records.

Inside the engineering room… examining the master disc

Inside the engineering room

Examining master disc

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Treating the master disc… polishing the stamper

Treating the master disc Polishing the stamper

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dry shellac process… pressing biscuits

Dry shellac Pressing biscuits

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Packaging

Packaging Packaging

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Oberstein cut corners for the Varsity label by reissuing published material from other companies, and using pseudonyms for the performers as a way to conceal the recordings’ origins. He was eventually able to gather some artists to record original material for Varsity, but his use of unlicensed, copyrighted material resulted in a number of lawsuits that ultimately caused bankruptcy for the USRC in 1940.

More extensive information about Oberstein’s career and business practices can be found in Alan Sutton’s 2014 book Eli Oberstein's United States Record Corporation: A History and Discography, 1939-1940, available in the Rodgers and Hammerstein Archives of Recorded Sound as *L 14-8170. Additionally, the Rodgers and Hammerstein Archives of Recorded Sound has a near-complete run of USRC’s new release bulletins.

Otto Hess’s photographs of the manufacturing process for Varsity Records are available for research in the Special Collections Reading Room at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, classmark JPB 17-12.

Stay tuned for an upcoming post with more details about Hess and his jazz photographs, written by one of the Music Division's volunteers!
 

Comments

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Great post! Keep 'em coming!

Great post! Keep 'em coming!

Absolutely wonderful post,

Absolutely wonderful post, Jessica. Thanks so much for revealing the historically intriguing documentation featured in this photographic collection.

Varsity Records & Scranton, Pennsylvania record pressing plant.

I've read that the first (and only important) incarnation of Varsity Records had their discs pressed in Scranton, Pennsylvania. And I always suspected it was in the Scranton Button Company pressing plant, which this article verifies. Loved the pictures of the pressing operations here; thought I'd never get that rare treat! Scranton Button Company made records for various labels since the early to mid 1920s. At first, their product was quite rough, but as the years went by the quality got better and better, until by the early 1930s records produced in that plant were actually quite good and reasonably quiet as far as shellac records go. By that time this plant was the principal supplier of records for the American Record Corporation, pressing discs for important labels such as Brunswick and Vocalion, sometimes even Columbia and Okeh, plus a staggering array of smaller labels. When C.B.S. bought A.R.C. in 1939, within a year or so all their product was pressed in the Columbia laminated disc fashion, and evidently their contract with Scranton Button Company was terminated. Undoubtedly this wounded the Scranton facility badly, and it was also the public's loss, as the C.B.S. era record surface quality was nowhere near as good as that of the Scranton produced records. As I understand it, the newly formed Capitol Record Corporation bought the pressing facility in Scranton in the early 1940s, continuing to manufacture records there until the mid 1970s! In almost any written article I've read regarding Varsity records, it leads one to believe the company was an abject failure in all ways, with demeaning comments on the record surface quality and recording techniques. That's hardly the case, as I've got many examples of great (and in many cases criminally underrated) big bands, some of the stature of Harry James and his Orchestra, some rare and excellent sides by the Les Hite Band, and several by the great Frankie Trumbauer and his Orchestra. Not a one of these is badly recorded, my only complaint being a decrease in volume and sound clarity by the time the record has played to the inner grooves, a frequent condition even with the major labels such as Victor at that period of time. And since these records haven't been abused, the surfaces are excellent and not at all noisy, far surpassing the surface quality (and often the sound quality too) of the C.B.S.-era products of the day. And contrary to the prevailing opinion, they stand up to repeated playing quite well. I'll temper that remark by saying that the equipment used today to play a record is far easier on them than what one would find in 1940. At any rate, Varsity records turned out a great many discs they could be proud of in their all-too-short life. Too bad they're not easier to find; it's taken me a good many years to acquire the ones I've got, and I'd encourage anybody interested in good big-band jazz or even pop music to seek them out. Many of these are real treasures!!!!!!